We assessed drug susceptibilities of 125 avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses DUO ABSOLUT ARNICA isolated from poultry in Vietnam during 2009–2011.Of 25 clade 1.1 viruses, all possessed a marker of resistance to M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine; 24 were inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors.One clade 1.1 virus contained the R430W neuraminidase g
Abstract Horse welfare is the product of multiple factors, including behavioral and physiological adjustments to cope with stressful situation regarding environment and housing condition.Collectively, it is supposed that a horse kept in the wild has a lower level of stress than other housing system, and the aim of the present study was to investiga
There are few data on the prevalence and infection intensity of parasites in large samples of caribou (Rangifer tarandus).Therefore, differences related to sex, age, and season are unknown.The effect of parasites on the health and condition of caribou also is poorly known.From 1980 through 1987, 1258 barren-ground caribou (R.t.groenlandicus) were c
The regional autonomy policy based on Law No.22/1999 and Law No.25/1999 is intended to cope with problems of national disintegration of Indonesia.However, during the implementation of Jandy SFTM Sand Filter Parts this policy, several constraints appear.The first is economic constraint, and the second is political constraint.Economic constraints rel